CRTD Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.University Children’s Hospital and the Children’s Research Center, University of Zurich, Switzerland.Because of their abnormal adaptive immune system with a low number of CD3+ CD4- T cells and high susceptibility to infections, COVID-19 patients might need more time and medical care to fully recover from immune abnormalities and tissue damage. Overall, our findings indicate that SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies remain detectable even after 6 months of recovery. All severe cases complained of more than one COVID-19 sequelae after 6 months of recovery. SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralization IgG and IgM antibodies were identified in all survivors, especially those recorded with severe COVID-19 who showed a higher inhibition rate of neutralization antibodies. The proportion of CD4+ T cells, especially circulating follicular helper T (cTfh) cells, was increased, whereas the frequency of CD3+ CD4- T cells was decreased. A decreased number of B cells but an increased proportion of CD19+ CD138+ B cells were found in COVID-19 survivors. Immune repertoire sequencing revealed abnormal T- and B- cell expression and function with large TCR/BCR clones, decreased diversity, abnormal class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation. Here, we analyzed immune repertoires and SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralization antibodies in a prospective cohort of 40 COVID-19 survivors with a six-month follow-up after hospital discharge. Still, it remains largely unclear whether the frequency and functions of T and B cells return to normal after the recovery of COVID-19. Lu Q The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.Īccumulating evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 impairs the adaptive immune system during acute infection.Wu H Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.Liu J Hunan University of Technology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China.Li G Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.Li S Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, China.De Clercq E Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.Wang Z Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.Cai T Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.Yue T Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.Li K The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China. ![]() ![]()
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